Antibodies and other amine-containing biomolecules efficiently bind to carboxyl gold nanoshells using EDC-NHS chemistry to make highly stable conjugates. Gold nanoshells provide an ultrabright label for lateral flow – up to 20× increases in lateral flow diagnostic sensitivity over 40 nm gold.

Approximate ranges below are dependent on diameter

• Hydrodynamic diameter (DLS): 145 to 195 nm
• Zeta potential: –40 to –70 mV
• pH of solution: 6. to 9.5
• Particle surface: carboxyl
• Solvent: .02 mM potassium carbonate solution
• Peak wavelength (λ_max): 770 to 840 nm